Direct Speech ( Direct sentence ) is a sentence of words spoken by
the speaker directly .
Indirect Speech ( Indirect sentence ) is a sentence spoken to
report the words
speaker to others . So , Indirect Speech ( Reported Speech ) is
used when we want to
reported the words of one person to another indirectly .
Direct & Indirect Speech consists of 3 types:
I. Statement ( statement )
II . Command ( command )
III . Question ( question )
The changes that need to be from Direct to Indirect Speech :
1 . To be & Auxiliary Verbs
Direct Indirect
Am / is / are - was / were
Shall / will - should / would
Can - could
May - might
must
Have / has to - had to
ought to
2 . Time & Place ( adverb of time and place )
Direct Indirect
now - then
tomorrow - the following day
next week - the following week
tonight - that night
today - that day
yesterday - the day before
last night - the night before
last week - the week before ,
the
precious week
here - there
this - that
these - those
3 . tenses
Direct Indirect
Simple present - simple past
simple past
- Past perfect
Present perfect
Present continuous - past continuous
Present perfect continuous - past perfect continuous
Simple futures - futures past
I. STATEMENT
In Indirect Statement we use that word ( that ) as a liaison
between sentences
introduction ( introduce phrases ) and the words reported
(reported words ) . Sentences
introduction in the indirect statement is :
He said
He said to me that reported + words
He told me
eg - Mary told her friends " I have been to Bali twice .
"
- Mary told her friends that she had been to Bali twice .
- Father said " I am going out of town tomorrow "
- Father said that he was going out of town the following day .
- Mary told John "my father warned me last night"
- Mary told John that her father had arned her the night before .
- My sister said to me " I do not like tennis "
- My sister said to me that she did not like tennis .
- Tom said " I did not go to school this morning "
- Tom said that he had not gone to school that morning .
If the introductory sentence in the form of Simple Present Tense ,
then the sentence is not reported
changes .
eg - John says " I will go to London tomorrow "
- John says that he will go to London tomorrow
- Mary says " I have seen that movie "
- Mary says that she has seen that movie .
- My brother says " I met Tom at the party last night"
- My brother says that he met Tom at the party last night .
- Tom says " I do not like English "
- Tom says that he do not like English .
II . COMMAND
Command was divided into two (2 ) parts:
1 . positive Command
In order to add to our positive in front of the command line , as
a liaison between
introductory sentences and orders are reported . Introductory
sentences in these types are :
to + infinitive
He asked me
He told me
e.g - He asked me " Open your book "
- He asked me to open my book .
- Mary told me " Stop talking to Jane "
- Mary told me to stop talking to Jane .
- Mother asked John " Pay attention to what I say "
- Mother asked John to pay attention to what she says .
- John told Mary " Wait until I come "
- John told Mary to wait until he comes .
- The teacher said to the students " Be quiet while I'm
talking "
- The teacher told the students to be quiet while she is talking .
2 . negative Command
In negative commands us not to add the commands are reported .
e.g - Mary told John " Do not wait for me"
- Mary told John not to wait for her .
- I told him " Do not mention it to anyone "
- I told him not to mention it to anyone .
- Father asked her " Do not go there alone "
- Father asked her not to go there alone .
- Ira asked Tom " Do not come to my house again"
- Ira asked Tom not to come to her house again .
- Mothers asked John " Do not smoke too much"
- Mother asked John not to smoke too much .
III . QUESTION
When the question directly (direct question) use question words
such as ; Where ,
When , Why , What , Who , How , etc. , then these words are used
as
liaison in reported Speech . Questions were reported berubaha into
shape
positive . Pengantarnyaialah sentence :
positive Form
He asked me where
When
etc .
eg - The man asked me : " Where do you live ? "
- The man asked me where I lived .
- John asked Mary : " Why do you get angry with me ? "
- John asked Mary why she got angry with him .
- I asked him : " When did you get back from your trip ?
"
- I asked him when he had got back from his trip .
- He asked me : " How will you go there ? "
- He asked me how I would go there .
- John asked the girl : " What is your name? "
- John asked the girl what her name was .
When the question was not directly asked to use words , and only a
question in the form of " Yes and No Question " , then
we use the words
if , Whether ( if , if ) as a liaison between the introductory
sentence and
reported questions .
eg - The boy asked John : " Does Mary live near here ? "
- The boy asked John if Mary lived near there .
- The teacher asked her : " Have you finished your homework ?
"
- The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework .
- Mary asked me : " Did you she John at the party the night
before .
- Mary asked me Whether I had seen John at the party the night
before .
- We asked them : " Will you go to the movies with us tonight
? "
- We asked them Whether they would go to the movie with us that
night .
- Mother asked John : " Are you going to marry her ? "
- Mother asked John if he was going to marry her .
Note : Neither Whether if it can be used interchangeably and
IV . REPORTED SPEECH / MIXED TYPE ( Combined Type )
If the questions and statements are incorporated into Reported
Speech then we use the word
as ( as ) as a connector on the sentence statement reported .
In this case the sentence of the statement reported later .
Consider the following examples :
eg - She asked me : " What is the time ? " , my watch
has stopped .
- She asked me what the time was as her watch had stopped .
- Ira asked John : " what is the matter with you ? " You
do not look well .
- Mary asked John what the matter was with him as he did not look
well .
- I asked her : " How long have you been studying English ?
" Your accent is very good .
- I asked her how long she had been studying her English accent as
he was very good .
- He told me : " I am off to the movie , " Where are you
going ? "
- He told me that he was off to the movie and asked me where I was
going .
- She said : " It is cold inside , " Is the window open
?
- She said that it was cold inside and asked if the window was
open .
When the direct question along with the answer Yes and No , then
we use the word
but as the liaison for the answer and said andsebagai No. liaison
to answer Yes .
eg - He asked me : " Will you go out wiith me ? " No , I
will not .
- He asked me if I would go out with him but I said I would not .
- Mother asked John : " Have you had lunch ? " No , I
have not .
- Mother asked John if he had had lunch but he said he had not .
- She asked me : " Can you meet me tomorrow ? " No. .
- She asked me if I could meet her the following day but I said I
could not .
- I asked her : " Do you like vegetables ? " Yes , I do
.
- Is asked her if she liked and she said she veggetables did .
- Mary asked John : " Did you phone me last night ? "
Yes , I did .
- Mary asked John if he had phoned her the night before and he
said he had .
- Father asked me : " Are you going to the movie tonight ?
" Yes .
- Father asked me if I was going to the movie that night and I
said I was .
Direct & Indirect with Auxiliaries
Consider the changes that need to be from Auxiliaries
Direct Indirect
Was / were - had been
can - could
may - might
must & have to - had to
must not - was not to / musn ' t
need not - did not have to
e.g - Mary said: " I was sick yesterday . "
- Mary said that she had been sick the day before .
- The man asked me : " Can you speak English ? "
- The man asked me if I could speak English .
- Mary said to John : " You may come to my house tomorrow .
"
- Mary said to John that she might come to his house the following
day .
- Mother told John : "You must study harder if you want to pass
the exam . "
- Mother told John that he had to study harder if he wanted to
pass the exam .
- The police told me : "You must not drive without license .
"
- The police told me that I was not to drive without license .
"
- The teacher told them : " You need not hurry . "
- The teacher told them that they did not have to hurry .
Example sentence
- Simple Present becomes Simple Past
a. He told me , " I go to work everyday . "
b . He told me that he went to work everyday .
- Present
Continuous Past Continuous become
a. She told me , " I am playing music now " .
b . She told me that she was playing music then .
- Present Perfect becomes Past Perfect
a. They told me . " We have bought a car" .
b . They told me that they had bought a car .
- Simple Past be the Past Perfect
a. He told me , " I went to London yesterday " .
b . He told me that he had gone to London yesterday .
- Simple Future Past into the Future
a. He told me , "I will go to university next year" .
b . He told me that he would go to university the following year .
- Future Past
into the Future Past Perfect
a. She told me , " I should go there if I were you . "
b . She told me that she would not have gone there if she had been
me .
reference :
